Émile Hinzelin's Jeanne d'Arc; Pèlerinage au Pays de la Bonne Lorraine depicts Joan in a series of laudable rural, girlish activities: laundry, cooking, spinning, praying, herding cows.

In this heavily illustrated book there are only three pictures illustrating events after she left the security of her family home. Sweetser, in Ten Girls From History (below), spends more time on Joan's military exploits, but only after assuring the reader that she was a well-brought up child with a "habit of obedience." The photographic postcard below showing a young girl dressed up in armor is a surprising departure from the ordinary . "

Émile Hinzelin. Jeanne d'Arc; Pèlerinage au Pays de la Bonne Lorraine. Illustrated by G. Dutriac. Paris: Delagrave, 1922.

Sweetser, in Ten Girls From History, spends more time on Joan's military exploits, but only after assuring the reader that she was a well-brought up child with a "habit of obedience." The photographic postcard below showing a young girl dressed up in armor is a surprising departure from the ordinary.

Kate Dickinson Sweetser. Ten Girls From History. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1912.

Books for an older audience tend to promote qualities which address the concerns of adolescent girls - and of their parents. Attachment to one's family comes to be a more important theme, probably in response to the natural inclination of teenagers to begin finding their own way. Other major themes for the maturing readers are friends outside the family, and a much greater emphasis on active religious devotion. 

Jeglot, in La Jeune Fille et Jeanne d'Arc, praises enthusiasm, hard work, usefulness, piety and - of course - virginity. Artaud, who deeply desired Joan's canonization, emphasized the religious aspect of her mission in Aux Amies de Jeanne d'Arc. Several series of postcards printed at the beginning of the 20th century like those below show Joan as the perfect teenager - neatly and modestly dressed, hard at work for her family's benefit, and raptly attentive to spiritual guidance. Even here though, the difficulty of using Joan as a model for girls begins to be felt - she can only answer God's command by abandoning her role as a dutiful daughter.

C. Jeglot. La Jeune Fille et Jeanne d'Arc. Paris: Edition Spes, 1929.

Images of the Perfection

 Postcard, postmarked 1903. Nancy: Phototypie A. Bergeert et Cie. The text reads: Ses jours tranquillement se passaient dans la plaine, Calmes, silencieux, et la bonne Lorraine En se berçant de bruit de son léger fuseau Ecoutait du ruisseau le timide murmure Et le chant des oiseaux cachés dans la ramure Pendant que wous ses yeux paissait son cher troupeau.

 Postcard, postmarked 1903. Nancy: Phototypie A. Bergeert et Cie. The text reads: Dans les airs, tout à coup, s'entend un bruit étrange De célestes clameurs. Bientôt la viox d'un ange Dit: «Jeanne, mon efant, je viens du Paradis «Et Dieu qui m'envoya désire que sans trêve «Tu laisses ta quenoille et que, t'armant du glaive, «Tu voles de ce pas délivrer ton pays.»

À Domrémy en 1425, Jeanne entend les voix. Postcard. Paris: Dix. Seymour Adelman Fund.

Jeanne d'Arc quitte son Père. Postcard. Paris: Dix. Seymour Adelman Fund.

Joan is frequently used as a model for women - often by men. In a speech delivered at Notre-Dame on the occasion of the beatification, De Gibergues lauded the values which Joan symbolized for him - and decried the numerous threats against them: atheism, rationalism, materialism, sensualism, and modernism. He criticizedhis female audience as capricious, vain and useless, but encouraged them to submit themselves as Joan did to God's will. Such sacrifice was to be rewarded on Judgment Day, but more immediately, it would enable France to rise up to expel its enemies and embrace its true king, Jesus Christ.

Although Joan has long been a potent figure for France, other nations have adopted her as a more general symbol - of courage, patriotism, female valor, and religious inspiration. Grave's Memoirs of Joan D'Arc was actually published with the aim of strengthening the resolve of English women who might lose their husbands or sons in the war against Napoleon. The preface reads, in part:

"England… asks not the death of her daughters, yet to her belongs no inconsiderable share of their hearts and lives. If a woman be incapable of personal sacrifice, how she bear to offer up lives far dearer than her own?"